Gold Chain

 The Indo Pacific Economic framework (IPEF) has been launched by the USA at the recent QUAD meeting in Tokyo joined by other QUAD members namely India, Japan and Australia apart from South Korea and 8 other East Asian countries outside QUAD  for prosperity of the region has attracted much attention. India became one important member of the 13 nation economic initiative to strengthen economic partnership among participating nations to enhance resilience, sustainability, inclusiveness, economic growth, fairness and competitiveness in the Indo pacific region.IPEF desires to make  the Indo pacific region an engine of  global  growth. Unlike traditional Free Trade Agreements IPEF won't negotiate tariff or market access and the framework will focus on integrating partner countries broadly focusing in following four pillars. 1.Trade.  In trade it intends to build  high standards,inclusive, free and fair trade commitment and develop new creative approaches in ...

 Foreign Exchange reserves (FER) of Central banks have been receiving much attention in the light of increasing global inflation, supply bottlenecks, depreciation of currencies and declining global output,  trade and investment. Foreign Exchange Reserves are assets held as reserves by the central bank. It consists mainly of foreign currency assets, gold and IMF'S Special Drawing Rights (SDRs).It can also include deposits, bonds, treasury bills and other Government securities.Foreign Exchange Reserves  are  nation's back up funds in case of an emergency like rapid devaluation or depreciation of its currency. Countries' generally use foreign exchange reserves to maintain a  stable rate of value of domestic currency, competitively priced exports, and to provide liquidity in the case of a crisis and dip in confidence for investors.Reserves are also required to pay external debt and to fund sectors of the economy. The main purpose of FER is to keep the  value of...

 In the beginning of human civilization payments made were simple  through direct exchange of goods and services where barter system was prevalent. As civilisation advanced human wants increased and settled life started volumes of goods and services transacted shot up several fold  "Money"came into existence and it has transformed itself into different forms like-ommodity money, metallic money, paper money, and plastic money. Money served the primary functions of medium of exchange and measure of value,and secondary functions of store of value and standard  of deferred payments. Money can also be classified into fiat money- issued by the order of Government,Fiduciary money like cheques and  bills of exchange, full bodied money where intrensic value is same as face value and credit money where value is more than intrinsic value.Gradually in recent years virtual or digital electronic money transactions gathered dynamic proportions. Introduction of digital payments...