Gold Chain

 FOSSIL FUEL Fossil fuels  mainly comprising of Coal,Petroleum(black liquid gold), and natural gas contributed  85-93% of global energy production during the period 1950-2005.Traditionally coal was the dominant fuel in mid 20th century  providng nearly half of global energy. However by 1961 petrol overtook  the position as the major source  of energy that  exceeded 50% share of global energy in 1973.Natural gas share also more than doubled from 10%  in 1950  to 24.2% in 2019.It has been observed that by 2019 fossil fuel accounted above 81% of global energy production and it continue to remain above 81% of energy goods consumed.In specific sectors fossil fuel  utilisation remain robust.  The appearence of Petroleum or crude oil, is a blackish  yellow liquid chemical mixture found in geographical formations consisting of mainly hydrocarbons .This  fossil fuel is evolved over millions of  years from decay of organic...

 Global Governance has evolved over many centuries shaped by major historical turning points and the rise of global institutions.The treaty of Kadesh (BC1258) and the Treaty of Westphatia (1648) marked  significant moments  by establishing formal international treaties. Treaty of Westphalia marked the end of 30 years of war that devastated  Europe (1618-48)and witnessed the end of rule by religious authority and the  emergence of secular authority rule.Since then  the secular authority  provided the foundation of international relations and the idea and notion of territorial integrity of states- legally equal and Sovereign participation in the global system evolved and prevailed .Similarly organizations like Telegraph Union (1865),and Universal  Postal Union (1865) between Egypt and Hittites also played their role to coordinate the behaviour of transactional actors, facilitating cooperation, resolving disputes and establishing rule of law.The Indu...

VICISSITUDES IN INDO CANADA RELATIONS  Indo Canada bilateral relations dates back to  19th century and both were members of Common Wealth Nations and G20.Indian emigration to Canada also started in 2nd half of 19th century.Eventhough Canadian Government initially introduced immigration quotas  by 1970s and 1980s Indian emigration to Canada increased rapidly,and Indians   became one of the largest immigrant  population in Canada. As per one estimate Canada ranks 4th among countries with large Indian population of 2875,954 people of Indian origin.  As per the estimates  of students there were more than 8 lakh  international students in Canada  in 2022 wherein 40% were from India.During in the period 2023 to 2025 India Canada diplomatic relations deteriorated mainly due to  the Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau's allegation that India was responsible to  assasinate a Khalistani separatist movement leader in June 2023. Followi...

 ISRAEL US  IRAN WAR  Between 1948 and 1979 Iran and Israel had maintained cordial relationship .After 1979 Islamic Revolution Iran cut off its relations with Israel. Iranian Islamists  supported the Palestinian Liberation Organisation and later Palestinian Islamic Jihad and Hamas.On the contrary Israel has fought  war with Palestinians in and around Gaza strip in 2008-09,2009-12,2014-2021'and since 2023.In recent discussions despite Iran's reported commitment not to make a nuclear bomb or stockpile nuclear material as promised in the mediating discussion between US and Iran held on 27th February under Omani mediation , the very next day USA and Israel ,conducted  about 2000 strikes on Iranian targets  destroying military infrastructure, naval vessels, missile systems and command centers and  killing Iran's Supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei and dozens of senior Iranian officials.Consequently Iran started vengeance by striking on Israel and US ...

BACKGROND Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been defined as the ability of machines to perform tasks that require human intelligence, learning experiences, adapting to new situations, and solving complicated problems using data sets,alogriths,and large language models.AI eco system in India comprise of rapidly expanding technology sector with over 6 million people employed in tech and AI eco system.Further India currently hosted about 1800 Global Capability Centers (GCC) with more than 500 focused on AI and about 87% of enterprises are actively using AI solutions. Infact GCC s in India is witnessing dynamic growth despite challenges like inadequate talents, cyber security risks and fiscal pressures. Based on India's development approach to AI AI india Summit 2026  focused on translating global discussions into development outcomes aligned with national  priorities under the India AI Mission and Digital India Initiative. It is expected to strengthen multilateral cooperation whil...

As the Economic Survey 2025-26  has laid out an ambitious economic and Governance plan predicting bright India,amidst darker world and consequently pluging Country's growth 2025-26 at 7 %  higher than 6.5% estimated earlier. Budget for 2026-27  presented by the Finance Minister focused on 3 core aspects namely 1.accelerating economic growth by enhancing productivity and competitiveness  and building resilience to volatile  global dynamics 2.Building human capital to fulfill aspirations of people and build their capacity, making them partners in India's  path to prosperity and 3.Ensuring inclusive development under the vision of "Sabka Saath Sabka Vikas".so that every family, community, region sector has access to resources, amenities and opportunities for meaningful participation and inclusive growth.  According to Finance Minister  over the years Government have pursued far reaching structural reforms, fiscal prudence and monetary stability whils...