Gold Chain

 Amid  the background of depreciating exchange rate of Indian rupee against US dollar, increasing current account deficit,outflows of foreign portfolio investments, fiscal deficit and inflation, Reserve Bank of India announced remedial measures like further liberalisation of foreign investment inflows, increasing exports and to stabilise current account, capital account and rupee exchange rate.  Measures can be broadly divided  into four. 1.Providing foreign trade settlement between India and other countries in rupee terms. 2.Offering higher interest rates on fresh Non resident bank and Non resident external deposits until October 31 2022.Banks have also  been exempted from mandatory Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) and Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) for incremental NRI deposits till November 4,2022.3.Widening of investible universe of  Government and corporate debts.Quantity and maturity limits on foreign portfolio investment (FPI) in Government securities and co...

 Remittances or personal income transfers associated with international migration is regarded in the narrow sense as monetary transfers or in a broader sense as encompassing monetary and non monetary transfers or in the broadest sense also including the facility or potential for transfers if required. Remittances from our nationals living abroad normally referred as Non Resident Indians (NRIs) or persons of Indian Origin are principally recorded as "private transfers "in the Current Account of the balance of payment (BOP) statistics published  by the Reserve Bank India. In addition the capital account of the BOP statistics records net changes in the external accounts denominated either in foreign currencies or Indian rupee of NRIs.The scheme of Foreign Currency Non resident account has been formulated with effect from November 1st 1975 in the background large scale emigration of  Indians especially to Gulf countries, with  a view to encourage flow of inward remittanc...

 The study  of human resources or human population are very vital in assessing the size, structure and nature of population.Human beings are both the instruments and end of production.Hence it is necessary to understand the quantity and quality of population not only at a particular time but also the rate at which they are growing and  their composition and distribution wihin and  across countries and  continents. Generally population size and distribution is determined by birth rate , death rate and migration. Theory of demographic transition divides growth of population into thre stages where first stage is characterized by both high birth and high death rates resulting in low population growth which is followed by high birth rate and low death rate due to better health facilities resulting in high population growth and in the third stage of demographic transition both birth rate and death rates are low and population growth tends to stabilise.As far as India ...

 The much discussed twin deficit problem in recent times is a combination of fiscal and current account deficits together faced by a  country. Fiscal deficit is a condition where government's revenue is in short of government expenditure and the gap is met through market borrowings and other  measures. Current Account Deficit refers to the situation where the country's current account balance of payment is in deficit. Current Account records the value of exports and imports of both  goods and services and  international transfers  of payment.It is one of  the components of balance of payment other than capital account. It is the financial transactions between the resident and  non resident entities for the accounting period of one year.If monetary flows out of a country for imports Investments and services exceeds the money receipts to the country through exports investments and services it leads to Current Account deficit. Much referred Twin defi...

 Movement of people across places countries and continents occurred historically primarily due to push and pull factors.While push factors were natural calamities,war, pandemic,  ethnic conflicts, poverty and poor livelihood conditions, pull forces refers  to better economic and social conditions prospects for education,employment and  high standards of living. According to the World Migration Report 2022, published by International organisation for Migration (IOM) a Geneva based intergovernmental organization the number of international migrants has grown from 84 million in 1970 to 281 million in2020 which equates to 3.6 percent of global. population. However due to Covid19 global health crisis number of air passengers dropped globally 60 percent in 2020 to 1.8 billion from 4.5 billion in 2019 indicating a drastic decline in global mobility.At the same time internal displacement due to disaster, conflict and violence rose to 40.5 million from 31.5 million in 2019 an...