Gold Chain

 Foreign exchange reserves are assets which are held on reserve  in foreign currencies by  the country's central bank or monetary authority. It is generally held in reserve currencies.usually in US dollar, Euro,Japanese yen and sterling pound.Initially exchange reserves are the main instrument used to manage and  maintain exchange rate stability ,enabling absorption of international money and capital flows .Focus on reserves has been recieving wide interest in the context of rapid liberalisation, globalisation, acceleration of capital flows and integration of financial markets. Volatility in terms of increasing debt,banking and financial crisis in several countries also necessitated the need for international financial architecture in which the management of foreign exchange reserves assumed utmost important. The act of maintaining foreign exchange reserves enhances the confidence in monetary and exchange rate policies,enhancing capacity to intervene in foreign excha...

According International Monetary Fund 's World Economic Outlook released in April Global economy remained remarkably resilient with steady growth and inflation returning to target level which luckily defied both stagflation expectations and global recession,especially in the context of post pandemic supply disruptions, Russian invasion of Ukraine and subsequent global  energy and food crises as well as  monetary tightening resorted  across countries. It is heartening to note that despite many gloomy predictions and forecasts the world not only avoided a recession but also withstood  banking crises,and financial conditions eased,equity  valuation shot up and capital flows to most of the emerging market economies excluding China and few low income countries increased.In this scenario IMF projected global output growth in both 2024 and 2025 at 3.2%  with  median inflation declining from 2.8% in 2024 to 2.4%  by the  end of 2025 .and most indicat...

 Eminent econòmists who shaped Economics theories and policy initially were listed as Adam Smith, Alfred Marshall, J.M. Keynes and Karl Marx .Despite  many writers who had  expressed isolated economic ideas before 1776 it was Adam Smith's " An inquiry Into the nature and causes of WEALTH OF NATIONS " published  248 years ago had laid the foundations of the Economics subject. He examined  the factors that determine the growth and volume of production. The emphasis on production and expansion of wealth became the subject matter of Economics in his approach. According to Alfred Marshall Economics is the study of man in the ordinary business of life. It examines individual and social actions connected with material requisites of wellbeing. A.C.Pigou  along with Marshall were  responsible for developing the branch of welfare Economics which deals with the structure of the economy and  the markets to achieve efficient allocation of goods and resources i...

 The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development(UNCTAD)was established in1964 with the objectives of promoting trade in both primary and manufactured goods, development financing, technology transfer and economic cooperation among developing countries. UNCTAD's2023 report on   Trade and Development  focussed  on themes of  :"Growth ,Debt , Climate-Realigning and Global Financial Architecture", it has projected only a low   growth of 2.4 % in 2023 and outlook for 2024 suggested a modest improvement to 2.5 %  assuming factors like recovery in Euro area and lack of major disturbances in leading economies.Report has identified three specific Global challenges namely weak Global growth, divergence between major and developing countries and increased geopolical factors . Global economy is experiencing fragility and uneven global recovery due to 1.diverging recovery paths,in the context of slower growth across major regions.2.Deepening ...