Gold Chain

 EVOLUTION OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE RATE SYSTEM   Foreign exchange rate refers to the  rate at which a county's domestic currency is exchanged with a foreign country currency. It  is the external purchasing power of the domestic currency.Obviously it is determined by the relative demand and supply of currencies for transactions abroad which in turn is impacted by participation in  trade  in goods, trade in services, IP rights foreign investments and external borrowings.The evolution of exchange rate system was a thrilling journey from ancient bartering to metal coins  to gold standard.Under Gold Standard countries fixed the value of their currencies in terms of a specified amount of gold or linked their currency to that of a country  which did so.Later in 1944 a new system of fixed exchange rate system was followed and currencies were pegged to specific amount of gold and the exchange rate was determined in  their value relative to gold.Afer ...

 For the first time India made a land mark step by launching national AI framework - AI policy 2025.The initiative come under the Digital India AI Mission with the ambition of making India as a global leader in AI innovation,research and governance. The policy was jointly announced by the Ministry of Electronics and IT and NITI Aayog in coordination  with Digital India Mission,aiming to integrate AI to Government Services, education and  industry. The  Policy promotes innovation, ethical AI use,digital inclusion and outlines strategic steps towards Ai research, infrastructure skills and  set a clear roadmap for developing domestic AI solutions tailored to Indian languages ,diverse socio economic and cultural contexts,and public sector requirements and to meet requirements of all individuals. This Policy not only defines ethical AI principles of fairness, transparency and inclusivity but also promotes AI programs in all educational institutions and industries. It...

SESHAN'S IMPACT  Current discussions and debate which even raised  fingers on the credibility on  our constitutional  institutions and bodies naturally owes a lot to  the farsighted reforms initiated by the tenth Chief Election Commission of India Tirunellai Narayana Iyer  Seshan(TN Seshan) during his tenure 1990-1996. He was instrumental for redifining the status of Election Commission ,asserting it's autonomy and constitutional authority making it central pillar of our democracy. He introduced staggered election schedules to "Prevent booth capturing " deployed central forces to secure polling stations ,and appointed senior officers as Election Observers to ensure  conduct of fair polls and results.  Seshan also identified and and attempted to tackle more than 150 electoral malpractices, including the  use of religious places for compaigning ,loud speaker abuse ,and appeals based on caste and communal divisions. His reforms in the entire ele...

INTRODUCTION  When American computer scientist John Carthy and four  other  scientists endorsed the term "Artificial Intelligence people did not take it very seriously. Later AI as a branch of emerging discipline began to utilise machines to substitute human intelligence by performing tasks like learning reasoning and making decisions. Infact technologies like pattern recognition, machine learning  neural networks, big data,self Al etc emerged as very successful and all set to shape the future of humanity in terms of security, polity, economy, society and governance. Important AI applications comprise of  Web search engines like Google, recommendation systems used by YouTube, Amazon, Netflix and virtual assistant like Google Assistant,,Siri,and Alexa;autonomous vehicles  Generative and per now there is no escaping from AI now. A generative AI (The type of AI that creates new content, such as text ,images and music, by learning patterns from existing data. A...