Gold Chain

 FDI FLOWS:  GLOBAL SCENARIO  Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) refers to investment made by a company or individual in another  country to meet business interest by controlling both ownership and operations. According to IMF FDI refers to an investment made to acquire long term interest in enterprises  operating outside of the economy of the investor..  Important components of FDI include equity capital,,reinvested earnings  and intra company loans. FDI investment is mainly classified into two 1.Greenfield investment FDI   which create new production capacity, employment,  transfer of technology etc as against 2.Brown field investments that allows equities mergers and acquisitions of the already existing companies.UNCTAD's World Investment Report 2025 observed that " The global economy continues to grapple with a complex set of challenges: mounting debt,persistent under performance in GDP growth geopolitical tensions and structural shift ...

 The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) originated as the security mechanism established in 1996  comprising of five countries-China, Russia, Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan  When Uzbekistan joined the group in June 2001it became  a EuroAsian political economic and security alliance SCO. After signing of  SCO charter in 2002 countries like India, Pakistan and Iran were granted observer status in 2005 and in 2017 countries like India and Pakistan officially joined SCOas  full members. By 2007 the SCO  had initiated more than 20 large scale projects comprising of energy, telecommunications, transportation etc.in addition to regular meetings on defense, security, military, economic ,cultural banking and external affairs. It may be noted here that in November 2006 at the SCO meeting Russian Foreign Ministry took initiatives for setting up a SCO "Energy Club ".Infact the SCO developed rapidly and established a number of permanensset bodies as well...

 EVOLUTION OF INDO JAPANESE RELATIONS  Since Ancient times there exists strong cultural traditions and cultural exchange with shared heritage of Budhism between India and Japan. Both countries are also strongly committed to great ideals of democracy, pluralism , tolerance and open societies. During second world War United Kingdom was attacked by Japan,but UK fought back and finally succeeded. Eventhough majority of Indian soldiers fought under British command,some fought on behalf of Japan as well. When we got independence Japan was among the first to recognize Indian sovereignty. Similarly after the restoration of Japan's sovereignty after second world War, the war not only India established official diplomatic on 28th  April 1952 but also waived all war reparation claims against Japan. There after economic,,trade diplomatic and technological relations continued significantly. Infact Iron ore exports to Japan had  assisted much in recovery process from war devasta...